有限元及显微有限元分析在骨科应用的新进展

New progress of finite and micro finite element analysis in orthopedic

关键词:  有限元分析  数据模型  骨结构  生物力学

Key words:  [Key words] 　finite element analysis  mathematic model  bone structure  biomechanics

摘要:

有限元法（FEA）是把复杂整体的性状用分解的有限个简单单元的组合性状来模拟、计算、分析、预测的方法。这一方法最早用于工业领域的结构力学计算，自1972年首先报道采用有限元方法成功分析骨的生物力学性状以来，历经近40年在骨科相关基础与临床研究的应用、发展，FEA技术不断进步，其发展主要体现在以下方面：由原来简单粗糙的二维数据模型向高度复杂、逼真的三维数据模型发展，模拟精确度不断提高；对模拟材料的赋值参数由早期的匀质单一材料向非匀质多属性材料发展，由各向同性材料向各向异性材料发展；由单纯包含骨结构向包含皮质骨、松质骨、关节软骨、骨髓腔、韧带、肌肉，甚至关节囊等软组织在内的高仿真数据模型发展；由粗糙的宏观粗略数据模型向精确的微观显微数据模型发展，并正向大块精确宏观显微数据模型发展。现在其应用已经渐渐扩展到脊柱、四肢骨与关节、某些软组织，甚至骨小梁等显微骨结构的重建模拟和生物力学分析中，为骨科基础及临床研究提供重要而关键的技术支撑。

Abstract:

[Abstract]　Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a method which evaluates the quality of a whole entity as a combination of a number of finite simple elements. It has been adopted to calculate structural mechanics early in industrial. After primly reported successful application in bone structure biomechanics in 1972, FEA technology keeps developing progressively till now. The mathematic models have developed from low accurate simple 2-Dimentionally to high accurate complex 3-Dimentionally models. Elastic Modulus of target structures have altered from single value to multiple values. The models have changed from including only bone structures to including kinds of different tissues, such as cortex, trabecular bone, cartilage, intramedullary canal, ligament, muscle, and even articular capsular, etc. Furthermore, the models have developed recently from macro structure to micro structure reconstruction. Now, the application of FEA has expanded into studies of spine, limbs, articular, soft tissue, and bone trabiculae, etc. Development of FEA technology has and will provide strong support for orthopedic research.