枕动脉的应用解剖学研究

Applied anatomy of occipital artery

关键词:  枕动脉  椎动脉  解剖  动脉吻合

Key words:  occipital artery  vertebral artery  applied anatomy  arterial anastomosis

摘要:

研究枕动脉起始的位置、管径、行程、分支、分布，为颅外内血管搭桥和枕、椎动脉吻合提供解剖学依据。［方法］用32侧动脉注入红色乳胶的成人头颈标本,逐层解剖暴露枕动脉的全程、椎动脉的第3段。用游标卡尺测量、照相，作统计分析。［结果］枕动脉在二腹肌后腹下缘起于颈外动脉后壁，沿二腹肌后腹行向后上，再转向该肌深面、内侧,经乳突内侧的枕动脉沟，向后经头上斜肌外缘穿项枕深筋膜,在上项线下方（17.13±3.14） mm，枕外隆凸外侧（27.57±5.72） mm处至枕部皮下。枕动脉起点处的管径为（1.93±0.23） mm，在枕部穿出点的管径为（1.72±0.24） mm。枕动脉枕支分为主干型、二支型和三支型； 椎动脉第3段在寰椎侧块上关节凹后方呈“U”形弯曲，管径为（3.71±0.59） mm，周围有丰富的静脉网和交感神经丛。［结论］本研究为枕动脉—大脑中动脉皮质支或小脑下后动脉吻合治疗缺血性脑血管病，枕动脉与椎动脉第3段吻合术治疗椎—基底动脉缺血性疾病提供了解剖依据。

Abstract:

to study origin, diameter, course, branches and distribution of occipital artery, and provide anatomical data for extracranial—intracranicial arterial anastomisis and occipital—vertebral arterial anastomosis.［Methods］ occipital arteries and third segment of the vertebral arteries were dissected and observed on the 16 cadavers.［Results］ The occipital artery arises from the posterior wall of external carotid artery at inferior border of posterior belly of the digastric muscle. Occipital artery runs obliquely upward and backward parallel to the lower border of posterior belly of the digastric muscle, often covered by this muscle. Then the occipital artery runs in occipital groove on medial side of mastoid process. The site from which occipital artery perforates deep fascia is located at (17.31±3.14) mm below superior nuchal line, and (24.57±5.27) mm lateral to milline. The average external diameter of occipital artery are (1.93±0.23) mm at original part, (1.72±0.24) mm at the site of piercing deep fascia. Branching patterns of occipital artery in scalp are main stem type, two and three branch type. The third part of the vertebral artery is in “U” shape and around posterior part of the superior articular facet of atlas. Its external diameter is (3.17±0.59) mm. Some occipital arteries give their branches to deep muscle of nape and anatomose with descending branches of occipital arteries and cervical deep arteries.［Conclusion］ The present study presented some anatomical data about occipital artery and third segment of vertebral artery, which would advantage occipital—vertebral artery anastomosis and occipital—middle cerebral artery or occipital—posterior inferior cerebellar artery anastomosis to treat verteb robasilar ischemia